Scientific Method

 The Scientific Method

It all begins with an observation.

This leads to development of a hypothesis to explain this observation.

Controlled experimental results, usually in some quantitative form, to allow at least simple statistics, are then able to refute or support the given hypothesis. One key element is that *anyone* should be able to replicate the experiments with identical (or at least similar) results.

 However, even if the data do indeed support, reproducibly, a hypothesis, they technically do not prove it! When enough data support a hypothesis, it becomes a theory. Nonetheless, other well-designed experiments could potentially overthrow even well-accepted theories!

 During your biology studies, you should always keep these ideas in mind, whether about the items you find while surfing the web or those you read in your textbooks. What kind of support really underlies the statements in particular web pages? How many sources are cited? Which ones? (A pamphlet by Dr. X is not as scientifically valid as something published by peer review in Science or Nature!)

Vocabulary terms

data:  factual information, especially for analysis as a part of the scientific method (Note: plural!)

hypothesis:  a tentative explanation, in the scientific method generally to be tested by controlled investigations

observation:  something noticed or perceived, possibly puzzling as to its causes and effects...

peer review: evaluation of reports by other members of the research community, often working in the same field (the process of scientific publishing is based upon this form of self-regulation)

refute:  to prove to be false

replicate:  reproduce, repeat

support:  to hold up as correct, verify

theory:  a set of statements or principles explaining given facts